Development

Models deceive and escalate in nuclear crisis simulations

development2026-03-02

Claim

Researchers pitting GPT-5.2, Claude Sonnet 4 and Gemini 3 Flash against each other in nuclear crisis simulations found them spontaneously deceiving, demonstrating theory of mind and self-awareness, with nuclear signaling in 95% of crises and no model ever choosing accommodation.

Reported metric: 95% of crises

Reporting date: (not necessarily the event date)

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